It is known that many clinical, counseling, and sport psychologists in North America, Europe and Oceania provide sport psychology consultant services to athletes, coaches and team managers for the aim of improving performance in sport settings. Some chartered psychologists by AAASP, APS, and BPS established their own consulting firm where they can earn a living in this speciality. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate sport psychology consultant service systems in North American, Europe and Oceania to obtain information about how sport scientists could be hired from professional teams as a consultant, range of services provided, consulting fee, consultants` educational background. The results of this investigation indicated that sport psychologists are more interested in academic settings than in applied settings. However, for those trained in clinical and counseling psychology prefer applied settings rather than academic settings, and made significantly higher incomes than sport psychologists. Based on this study, it is believed that applied sport psychology is truly interdisciplinary field with clinical and counseling psychology. The employment opportunities of full-time sport psychologists by professional teams are sparse. However, for those trained in sport psychology have the potential to broaden employment opportunities through hiring self.

The purpose of this study was to examine aerobic versus anaerobic exercise effect on state anxiety reduction and related physiological variables in middle school students. A total of twelve male subjects were assigned to 20-minute condition in each exercise with the intensity of 75% of VO_2peak and 75% of 10 Repetition Maximum. State anxiety(Spielberger, Gorsuch, Lushene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983), body temperature, and blood pressure were assessed 20-minute before and after each exercise. One-way analysis of covariance(ANCOVA) indicated that the self-reported state anxiety, the body temperature, and the blood pressure were not significantly different between the 2 types of exercise. In conclusion, it is too premature to state that aerobic exercise is better than anaerobic exercise on state anxiety reduction in adolescents.

Medical field have reported that stressful life and lack of exercise have negative effects on adult`s diseases and sexual activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between recreational sports activity and sexual activity in married males. Five hundreds thirty married males in a big city were randomly sampled and consented to participate. Data(N=495) were collected using the 25-items, self-report Sport Activity Questionnaire and the Sexual Activity Survey, developed and piloted by authors. Results of Analysis of Covariance showed that whether or not you participate in sports activity was significantly associated with the sexual activity(p<.001). Scheffe`s post hoc test showed that the sexual activity was the highest in the most active participants. The frequency of sport activities(p<.05) and the duration of sport activities(p<.01) were also related to the sexual activity. The 4 times a week participation was higher than the once a week in the sexual activity(p<.05). And the sexual activities were higher in the 90 ∼ 120 min compared to the less than 30 min and more than the 2 hour exercise(p<.05). However, the participation years, the mode of sport activity, the company existence, and the regular/organized participation in sports activity were shown to have no effect on the sexual activity. It was concluded that the moderate sports activity was positively associated with sexual activity among married males.

This study examined motives of drop-out and it`s related variables in school-sponsored sport program in Korea. A total of 418 former student-athletes(229 males, 189 females) responded to the measures on motives of dropout in sports. Factor analytic procedure was used to determine dropout motives. Major dropout factors included severe over-training structure of sports, negative group structures of interpersonal relationship, worry of future, financial demands, loss of confidence, less of enjoyment, decrease of academic. MANOVAs revealed gender, athletic career, type of sport, time of dropout difference in dropout motives. The financial demands, severe over-training structure of sports and negative group structures of interpersonal relationship contributed most to the difference. This results were discussed in term of cross-cultual comparisons on school-based sport programs.

The purpose of this study was the validity of Flow State Scale(FSS) when used with Korean athletes. The FSS was developed by Jackson and Marsh(1996) and translated into Korean by 3 Ph. D sport psychologist, 1 doctoral course student, and 1 master course student. In order to reflect culture difference, this study was focused on process of translation. Namely 3 time - translation course have enforced(first translation, reverse translation, commitment translation). After 2 times study, final translation version was used this study. Statistical procedures included descriptive statistic, factor analysis, internal consistency. Cronbach`s Alpha was calculated to test the reliability of items and their internal consistency. Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA) was conducted to test the structure of each factors with principal analysis and varimax rotation. Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA) was conducted to test the factor validity of this inventory with CALIS. Exploratory Factor Analysis(EFA) extracted a seven-factor solution and internal consistency estimates for the seven FSS scales were reasonable(alpha= 81). Confirmatory Factor Analysis(CFA) supported the seven scale. Suggestions for use of the scale and for further research are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate high school Taekwondo players` goal orientation and mental health symptom according to gender and athletic performance level. Total 236 subjects(142 males, 94 females) were randomly selected from the high school educated Taekwondo player professionally. The result of MANOVA indicated a significant difference between male and female players, but did not between elite and nonelite players. As a result of univariate analysis, male players have had more ego orientation than female players. Female players have intended to pursue higher task and lower ego orientation. Moreover female players have recognized significantly higher than male players in the factor of somatic, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety. In the canonical correlation analysis to find inter factor relationship by gender. The result showed that male players have significant meaning among independent variables. And when he held task orientation highly, the symptom of phobic anxiety, paranoid ideation, depression was low.

The purpose of the study was to identify the effects of imagery training on basketball free-throw self-efficacy and performance for elementary school children. Eighty subjects were randomly selected from 140 students from S elementary school in Buchon city. Subjects were randomly assigned to imagery training group(20 subjects), physical training group(20 subjects), imagery and physical training group(20 subjects), and control group(20 subjects). In pre-test, subjects responded basketball free-throw self-efficacy inventory and performed basketball free-throw. After getting treatments for 8 weeks, subjects responded basketball free-throw self-efficacy inventory and performed basketball free-throw as they did in the pre-test. Imagery training group was exposed to controlling visualization program and visualizing basketball free-throw for 30 min, 3 times per week. Physical training group practiced basketball free-throw for 30 min, 3 times per week. Physical and imagery training group had 15 min physical practice and 15 min imagery training 3 times per week. Control group read books which were not related to imagery training. Independent group one-way ANOVA was utilized to see the mean differences among the groups. Tukey was used as post-hoc test. The results showed that imagery training enhanced basketball self-efficacy and basketball free-throw performance for the elementary school children.

The purpose of this study was to develope a scale assessing emotion of physical activity participants with regard to Korean cultural and linguistic aspect. The Korean Exercise-Emotion Scale(KEES) was developed and validated through the three stages of psychometric procedures. First, the 72 items related exercise-induced emotion were selected after conducting the content analysis of `Korean general emotion terms(Han & Kang, 2000)`. Next, the item analysis and the exploratory factor analysis for 72 items were carried out by 370 people participating in various physical activities, and the KEES was categorized into 5 factors(fun, pride, vigor, catharsis, and achievement) with 28 items. Lastly, the hypothetical models of the KEES were verified by a series of confirmatory factor analyses. The results of confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the data fit the hypothesized five factor-24 item KEES model reasonably well. These results suggest that the KEES possesses adequate factorial validity useful to measure exercise-induced emotion for Korean participating in various physical activities.

The notion and experiences among athletes and coaches that mood states of athletes and performance are somewhat linked each other have facilitated and motivated researcher to conduct studies on the relationship between these two variables. Unfortunately, however, previous studies have failed to have a confirmative conclusion. That is, research results revealed that although Profiles of Mood States(POMS) is an effective questionnaire in distinguishing athletes and non-athletes but ineffective tool to discriminate athletes in different skill levels with various motivations. Especially, recent meta-analysis showed that the effect size(ES=0.19) of POMS in terms of its ability to predict future performance of athletes is dramatically lower than the previous studies have argued. This paper reviews available studies dealing with predictability of POMS and suggests its means of usage of POMS and some guidelines for sport psychologists who would work for Korean athletes in the future.

The purpose of this study was to examine that emotion intelligence could predict the direction of competitive state anxiety in context to supposed that competitive state anxiety was divided into intensity and direction level. The subjects were 115 high school archery. CSAI-2 included the direction dimension(Jones & Swain, 1992) and TMMS(Salovey, Mayer, Goldman, Turvey, & Palfai, 1995) are administered to athletes one day prior to game. Results of correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis indicate that the direction of competitive state anxiety was statistically significant on the emotion intelligence, in particular, in the level of emotion improvement of emotion intelligence. Results support the hypothesis that emotion intelligence could predict the direction than intensity of competitive state anxiety. This results are discussed in terms of the concept of anxiety, applications in the field, and direction of study in the future.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the precision of proprioceptive information about the property of error occurring in programmed movement trajectory and the proprioceptive error compensation by analyzing the effect of changes in the direction and intensity of external loads on the pattern of agonist and antagonist muscles. Twelve subjects performed elbow flexion movements of 60o in task situation where the direction and intensity of external loads could be altered unexpectedly, and the displacement angle of elbow joint and the activity of biceps brachii and the long head of triceps brachii were measured for each movement. The pattern of agonist and antagonist muscle activities observed in various load conditions was shown to be modulated by the combination of the direction and intensity of external loads. While the activity of agonist muscle measured during the acceleration phase of movement was not sensitive to changes in the intensity of external loads in the assisting load condition, it was shown to increase with increasing intensity of external loads in the opposing load condition. However, the activity of antagonist muscle measured during the same period was found to increase with increasing intensity of external loads regardless of load direction. The activity of agonist muscle measured during the deceleration phase of movement was also shown to increase with increasing intensity of external loads in both load direction conditions, and the amount of change with load intensity was larger in the opposing load condition. The antagonist muscle displayed similar activation patterns, increasing with load intensity regardless of load direction. These results suggest that during goal-directed movements the proprioceptive system provides specific information about the direction and intensity of error occurring in programmed movement trajectory, and the control system can rapidly utilize current proprioceptive input in the on-line modulation of motor commands for the correction of error and the achievement of movement goal.

The purpose of this study were to identify automatic postural control and sensory integration during cognitive task across the life span using computerized dynamic posturography and to obtain basic data for falling. Total 90 subjects from 6 age groups(8-9, 14-15, 20-25, 40-45, 65-74, 75+years: N=15 for each group) were participated in the study. All subjects do not have any neurological impairments, gross, and cognitive impairments. For sensory organization test, composite equilibrium score, 6 equilibrium score, sensory analysis, strategy analysis, and COG alignment were obtained with cognitive task and without. For motor control test, weight symmetry, latency, variability of latency, amplitude, and adaptation score for toes up, toes down conditions were obtained. Results indicate that composite equilibrium score, sensory analysis and COG alignment, latency, adaptation, dynamic and static with closed eyes were more changed with age during cognitive task. For older adults, there was overall difference in sensory integration for postural control, sensory integration, movement strategies for recovery balance during cognitive task. Results indicated that these differences might be a possible explanation why older adults have more falling compare to young adults. Results also showed that nerve conduction speed of automatic postural response for old adults was different from that of other age group. Overall results suggest that it is necessary to develop individualized and composite program exercise program to help CNS aging during cognitive task and strength for preventing falling.